By 1880 Louis was married to my great grandmother, Celia Rice Cleage, and 4 of his 5 children had been born.  My grandfather, Albert, would not be born until 1882.  Louis’ age was listed as 28 and he was farming in Loudon County, Tennessee.

By 1900 Louis and Celia were no longer together. Celia lived in Athens, Tennessee with her second husband, Roger W. Sherman. The children lived with her and were attending school.  Louis was working as a furnace laborer in the iron and steel industry that had grown up in Birmingham, AL.  He had not been unemployed during the past year.  

 According to The Encyclopedia of Alabama: “The companies kept labor costs low by employing black workers, who came from depressed agricultural areas and supplied cheap labor. And the coal used to fire the furnaces was largely mined by forced convict labor leased to the companies at very low rates by the state and county governments.” 

In the 1910 Census Louis Cleage was in the Chattanooga, Tennessee area working as a railroad laborer.  He was enumerated in a railroad camp.  He was listed as 54 years old and had been in his second marriage for 11 years. He was a wage worker and has not been unemployed during the past year, including the day before this census was taken, April 29, 1910.  At age 54,  there were only two men in the camp older than he was – 56 year old Lee McConnel and 70 year old Fate Parker.  Most of the men are in their 20s and 30s with a good number in their late teens.

I got the idea for this post on the Blog, Reflecting on Genealogy.